Walter Jehne to Garnaut: Think Differently

Walter Jehne, Director, Sustainability Science made the following submission to the Garnaut Review: Climate Change: Landuse, Agriculture and Forestry, Garnaut Climate Change Review, January 2008

A. The current and pending impacts of climate change on Australian agriculture

1. After 30 years of scientific warnings the reality of climate change is finally being taken seriously; including its capacity to create major challenges, costs and consequences to Australian agriculture and the wider Australian economy.

2. However far from just increasing temperatures over the next century as predicted from CO2/greenhouse models and reports from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the scientific evidence indicates that these impacts and costs may be much wider, more serious and urgent than the generic models and reports indicate.

3. Indeed serious impacts and costs are already occurring from the many, often synergistic, positive feedback processes governing the global climate system. These were raised by DEFRA in 2005 (ref Schellenhuber) but both the IPCC and governments acknowledge that they have not been considered in assessing climate risks, consequences or response options.

4. Some of these feedback processes now pose risks of dangerous climate change with major adverse impacts to Australia’s agriculture, economy and community over the next decade. Australia must urgently consider and address these risks if it is to respond to climate change effectively and in time.

5. For example there is strong scientific and field evidence that we may have already triggered at least one of these feedback processes whose impact will be of fundamental consequence to Australia’s agriculture, land management and economy.
Effectively evidence from the Australian Bureau of Meteorology and CSIRO indicates that:
a. The global warming of some 2 watts/m2 to date has already intensified and extended air and heat circulation in the southern inter-tropical Hadley cell,
b. Resulting in the southward displacement of the Ferrel cells from sub-Antarctica,
c. Significantly and systemically lowering the level and reliability of the frontal winter rainfall by up to 30% over much of southern Australia over the past 30 years.
d. Reducing stream and reservoir inflow for cities from Perth, the Wimmera, Melbourne and Sydney by up to 60%, raising serious water security and cost issues.
e. Effectively, southern Australia may not be in a drought but facing a systemic 30% decline in the availability and reliability of its rainfall. This will fundamentally impact most agricultural, urban and industrial supplies and the viability of these economies.
6. It follows that climate change and its impacts are:
a. Real, already occurring, and will compromise much of Australian agriculture far sooner and more seriously than the public is aware of or policy accepts.
b. Resulting in not just future warming and sea level rises as assumed from CO2-greenhous models but in the serious systemic decline in rainfall and its reliability in much of southern Australia.
c. Seriously impacting agriculture and land management in southern Australia which will require it to make major urgent adjustments if it is to stay viable.
7. Detailed assessments need to be made of the likelihood of and impacts from the above consequences of climate changes so they can be addressed via effective responses.
8. Similar detailed risk and response assessments need to be made on 20 other potentially dangerous feedback processes arising from climate change. Each represents a serious potential risks to Australian agricultural systems and economy.

B. The current and projected costs of these impacts to Australia.
9. Clearly it is not possible to provide comprehensive assessments of the economic cost of climate change to Australia unless and until a detailed assessment is made of each of the 20 positive feedback processes and the risks and consequences arising there from to Australia.
10. However based on the scientific evidence and observed effects from the above example, climate change may represent a major direct economic and social cost to Australia in that:
a. Much of the agriculture in southern Australia may become non viable due to the cost and unreliability of water in both irrigation and rain-dependent farming systems.
b. Resulting in the collapse of much of agriculture in inland southern Australia at a direct loss of some $20b pa in GDP and $10b pa in lower export income.
c. The collapse of many rural communities and economies that depend on these agricultural communities, commodities and rainfalls.
d. An increased demand for government social support for up to 200,000 people at some $5 b pa direct plus $20 b pa indirect regional multiplier cost, and
e. Even threaten Australia’s food security with the possible need for Australia to import more food from under-supplied international markets at premium prices.

11. In addition to the above direct costs to farmers, regional communities and governments, such systemic drying due to climate shifts will also have major follow on and natural capital consequences and costs to Australia including from:
a. The increased risk, incidence, intensity and damage from wildfires that will extend into the moister forested regions and economic interests in eastern Australia. This will further degrade their value as standing carbon sinks, bio-sequestration drivers, bio-diversity refuges, water resources and as a buffer to climate stress.
b. The increased extent and rate of land degradation as a result of reduced plant cover, soil structural decline, water infiltration, retention and availability, bio-productivities which will also increase the risk of serious wind and water erosion.
c. The reduced bio-productivity of most agro-ecosystems due to water stress, reduced growing periods and the reduction in photosynthesis and pollination in many stressed plants above 36oC.
d. The accelerated degradation of Australia’s natural capital asset base as a result of the loss of soils, bio-diversity and eco-system services.
e. The enhanced desertification and reduced resilience of agro-ecosystems, communities and economies throughout much of inland southern Australia.

12. Similar direct and indirect costs can be expected to arise from many of the as yet un-assessed positive feedback processes and impacts arising from climate change.
13. Climate change will also impose forward financial costs on the Australian economy. These includes opportunity costs to farmers from changes in land management regulations imposed in response to climate shifts as well as forward liabilities to taxpayers. For example:
a. Now that Australia has agreed to ratify the Kyoto protocol we will be obliged to meet our 108% of 1990 CO2 emissions target by 2012.
b. While ‘accounting’ measures from banning land clearing by farmers has enabled Australia to ‘meet this target’ to date, such ‘credits’ are a one off ‘savings’.
c. They are not adequate to offset ongoing liabilities from the 37% increase in Australia’s urban and industrial CO2 emissions post 1994 induced in part by the complacency fostered by such ‘accounting’ responses to climate obligations.
d. As such Australia may have to buy external carbon credits to cover future excess emissions at premium global market prices currently some $27 /tCO2 or $100/t of C.
e. These forward liabilities they are likely to impose major budgetary and economic costs on Australia by 2012 and beyond, particularly in a global recession, unless new carbon savings can be identified, primarily from the agricultural sector, to offset them.

13 Consequently climate change will increasingly, impose much higher direct and indirect costs on Australian agriculture, our natural capital, sustainability, economy and through that the welfare of the Australian community and future than widely realised.

While difficult to quantify direct costs may approach $50b pa but be dwarfed by much higher, longer term indirect costs and risks to the viability of much of our agriculture.

14. However ultimately climate change is not an economic or cost issue.

Unless it is addressed urgently, it risks escalating dangerously, if we trigger any of the twenty serious positive feedback processes, many of which could result in a major climate crises and threat to much of the global economy and society within decades.

As such, climate change is now the major existential risk and too costly to risk triggering.


C. The scientific feasibility of mitigation options; What can and cannot work

15. There is now widespread scientific and community agreement that climate change is real, is already impacting many regions and represents an urgent challenge and cost and, if not addressed, an existential risk to many current communities, economies and governments.

16. However there is still much scientific uncertainty and disagreement as to how it is caused. Clearly unless and until we understand its cause it is very difficult to identify and deploy effective avoidance, mitigation or adaptation strategies.

17. As illustrated from how climate change is already impacting in southern Australia it clearly involves far more complex and serious, possibly secondary changes than just the warming predicted to result from the CO2 greenhouse effect in climate models.

18 Consequently we need to critically review the science and the realities being experienced in order to ensure that our understanding of what is causing climate change, and hence our responses, are sound.
In doing so we need to critically review and understand why and how:
a. Climate change is already impacting regions much sooner, more severely than predicted by the CO2 models through processes such as the changed rainfall dynamics observed in southern Australia and not just through increased predicted temperatures.
b. Such processes operate and their significance in better understanding what is actually causing climate change and these changes to global water and heat dynamics.
c. These relate to our current assumed explanation of the cause of climate change which is based largely on CO2-greenhouse models as well as the assumption from the CO2 greenhouse models that we can still mitigate climate change by simply reducing future CO2 emissions through initiatives such as carbon trading and reduction targets.
19. Effectively, after 20 years of denial and delay the world has one last opportunity to try to prevent climate meltdown, hopefully in time. It has to get it right. To do so we must clearly understand the cause of global warming, what we plan to do to address it and why.
What is causing climate change; a new systems understanding and its implication?
20. While science and the community now widely acknowledge that climate change is real, significant scientific uncertainly remains about what is causing it and hence what we can and have to do to mitigate it, hopefully in time. We have to resolve this uncertainty or risk costly ineffective failure in what will be our last chance.
21. The commonly understood explanation is that global warming results from:
• our increased burning of fossil fuels,
• which have increased atmospheric CO2 levels,
• resulting in the heating of the planet by a mean of 0.8oC (2w/m2) via the CO2 component of the greenhouse effect.
22. As such it is argued and promoted that we should be able to mitigate the impacts of global warming by reducing our future CO2 emissions and sequestering CO2.
23 However while the CO2 greenhouse effect is of course real and does contribute some 4% to the global heat dynamics and balance, climatology makes it clear that the planets and regional temperatures and climates are governed by many other processes and balances.
In fact several water based processes have governed and regulated over 95% of the heat dynamics and balance of the blue planet for over 4 billion years and still do so today.
24. The CO2-greenhouse models have however ignored most of these water effects to date as it had been assumed that, as humans are responsible for global warming, it must be due to the clearly abnormal CO2 levels assumed to result from our use of 300GTC of fossil fuels.
Humans it is assumed, could not possibly have altered the planets water dynamics and hence global heat balances.
25. Consequently our climate change models and the IPCC analyses and predictions ‘a priori’ assume that the CO2 greenhouse effect is responsible for and can explain global warming. They acknowledge that water processes, including poorly understood cloud effects, are fundamental in governing and understanding the global heat dynamics, balance and climate but then disregard them as being not primarily involved in human induced global warming.
26. Based on these models and assumptions on the cause of global warming, it is then assumed that we can still mitigate global warming by reducing future CO2 emissions.
However even if this was the cause, science makes it clear that this is no longer possible.
Due to CO2 absorption by oceans, ocean lag effects and CO2 residence times some 50% of the CO2 emitted since 1970 has yet to be fully equilibrated into the atmosphere. As such we can no longer prevent CO2 from rising above 500 ppm by 2030 or prevent the resultant temperature increases of 2-4oC from triggering further dangerous climate feedback processes. The rainfall shift in southern Australia indicates that we are already triggering such effects.
27. Effectively we are already 20 years to late to now prevent CO2 levels and the resultant temperature increases from triggering dangerous climate feedbacks by any, even a 100%, level of future CO2 emission reduction.
We can no longer rely on CO2 reduction strategies to prevent dangerous warming.
No level of carbon reduction targets or trading can, by themselves prevent meltdown.
Our only chance is to find more effective, immediate ways to cool regions and the planet.
We need to offset the heating effects from the locked in CO2 rise so as to prevent triggering further dangerous positive feedback meltdown processes from the inevitable rise in CO2 levels above 500 ppm within the next 20 years.
We have to face this scientific reality urgently and find effective global cooling options
Our last chance for mitigating global warming.
28. If, as the science makes clear, we can no longer prevent dangerous climate change by reducing future CO2 emissions to any level we have no option but to either:
a. Wait for the inevitable serious climate and economic meltdown as early as 2030, or
b. Cool regional and the global climate to offset the 2 w/m2 heating effect from the current greenhouse effects thereby restoring the former global heat balance.
29. However if we wish to cool the planet we must do this urgently, within a decade, so as not to risk triggering further dangerous positive feedback processes and temperature increases.
30. Fortunately there are highly effective, safe natural processes for doing this.
However they require us to look beyond our current CO2 greenhouse assumptions which are acting as a barrier to fully understanding global warming and in taking effective action.
Indeed there is compelling scientific evidence that the earth’s climate is governed substantially by undisputed natural water based processes that regulate global and regional heat dynamics and balances and that we have grossly disturbed these through widespread deforestation resulting in global warming and the observed changes in clouds and rainfalls.
31 It follows that we may be able to safely cool the planet, as nature has done for over 3 billion years, by enhancing either or both:
• The nucleation of dense clouds to restore former albedo processes to reflect additional solar radiation of up to 100 w/m2 back out to space, or
• The latent heat fluxes that transmit and dissipate additional infrared heat again of up to 100w/m2 from the surface back out to space.
32. Even at 1% of their potential effectiveness these processes would be adequate to provide a regional cooling ‘forcing’ more than adequate to safely and naturally offset the 2 w/m2 mean global heating observed to date from the human induced increase in the greenhouse warming.
33. Simple practical, safe and affordable; even profitable, options exist to restore such cooling processes in most regions of the world so as to address global warming and avoid triggering dangerous climate feedbacks, such as the rainfall decline in southern Australia.
There are no barriers or risks to applying such solutions; beyond changing our current assumptions.
They may also not require us to ‘crash’ our energy use, economies and equitable human welfare.
The decline in the availability and affordability of oil and financial deflation will do this soon enough, hopefully, if planned, through the rationalization of demand and available alternatives to minimize inequitable social dislocation.

D. Proposed response options
34. As outlined above, there still are highly effective natural hydrological options through which Australia and the world could minimize the risks and impacts from climate change.
Furthermore, once established, these processes can be effective in cooling regions and the planet within days, not the centuries required for CO2 reductions to be marginally effective.
However we have left it hopefully not to late to take advantage of such options.
35. While these hydrological options are natural, safe and immediate they are also innovative. As such they have been rejected by relevant areas, even for critically evaluation, to date.
However as they are now the only viable option, the Review may wish to:
a. Critically examine the merits of all, even these more innovative proposed solutions.
b. If confirmed, identify and recommend practical low risk natural restoration ecology options to re-establish the former hydrological processes, heat dynamics and balances.
c. Recommend the extension of the required on the ground changes urgently, and hopefully still in time.

36. The following provides a summary of three complementary elements of a practical strategy whereby Australia could restore such natural processes, cool regions and lower the current and pending risk of dangerous further climate change impacts, hopefully in time.

Implemented optimally, with and by Australian farmers, these options could substantially and urgently address the adverse impacts of climate change without crashing the economy while also delivering major advantage to the Australian environment, society and economy.

37. The specific elements of this strategy to maximize value from climate change involves:
a. The re-forestation of northern and inland Australia to restore natural rainfalls.
b. The enhancement of stable soil carbon levels in profitable carbon farming systems.
c. The creation of autonomous regional bio-fuels capabilities and carbon savings.


a. The re-forestation of northern and inland Australia to restore natural rainfalls.
38. While global warming is and will increasing raise temperatures and sea levels, of more direct serious concern to Australia is that climate change has already begun to reduce rainfall and its reliability throughout much of southern Australia. As such it is already putting at risk much of Australia’s agriculture, eco-systems and their dependent societies and economies.
39 Consequently, and irrespective of ongoing international non-agreement, Australia and/or regional communities need to urgently protect, secure and restore their fundamental rainfall resources or become perhaps the first major international casualty of climate change.
40. The scientific evidence suggests that the decline in westerly Ferrel rainfalls in southern Australia will be permanent. Eastern Australia is also likely to experience more frequent and intense el nino droughts as the equatorial Pacific heats up. Both will, significantly further reduce national water securities and threaten community and economic viabilities.
41. However the scientific evidence also indicates that significantly increased heating is occurring in the tropical Indian ocean which now represents one of the world’s major zones of evaporation with latent heat fluxes exceeding 180 w/m2. Much of this evaporated water vapour flows naturally to the south east across Australia where some of it precipitates.
42. How much of this humid air flow precipitates depends fundamentally on specific cloud and rainfall nucleation processes. Up to 4000 years ago, when these processes were more active, northern and inland Australia was cooler, wetter and substantially forested. Lake Eyre was a lake 25 meters deep recharged by the former more regular, Australian monsoon.
43 Our water crisis and climate change now provides us with the imperative and opportunity to restore this Australian monsoon. In part this is already occurring naturally as evidenced by the significant increase in rainfalls in NW Australia over the past 50 years.
Indeed the rain throughout inland south eastern Australia in December 2007 came from the Indian Ocean and was typical of such former monsoonal rainfall. It did not indicate a La Nina, the restoration of ‘normal’ rainfall conditions nor ‘break the drought’, but simply reinforced that we have this one last option to avoid the widespread desiccation of southern Australia.
44 Fortunately highly effective, natural and safe options may exist to restore such rainfalls. We may be able to re-establish the former Australian monsoon do this by influencing the extent to which water vapour flowing naturally over inland Australia is first nucleated to condense into cooling clouds and then further nucleated to precipitate as rain thereby both mitigating climate change and extending Australia’s bio-systems.
45. Different land covers, particularly forests influence the production of both these nuclei. We should therefore be able to enhance the production of these nuclei and hence rainfalls through appropriate natural land management practices. Significant anthropological evidence indicates that this is the case. Field evidence similarly confirms such options (NSF 12-2007).
46. As such the potential may exist to both significantly cool much of Australia, offset global warming, enhance rainfalls, and restore the bio-systems needed to enhance these cloud and rainfall nucleation processes by the strategic restoration of appropriate natural forest systems.
47. Indeed the savannas of northern Australia still contain over 1000 patches of remnant rainforest from previous wetter epochs that, with appropriate land management, will extend naturally to help re-establish such bio-systems, hydrology and rain nucleation processes.
48 . The enhancement of such natural restoration ecologies could contribute significantly not just to maintaining rainfall, healthy bio-systems and economies across inland Australia but also represent a major additional global bio-sequestration option and carbon sink.
49. Even the partial reforestation of the 500 m Ha of inland and northern Australia that would benefit from such rainfalls, (at conservative bio-sequestration rates of 10 tonnes of carbon per hectare per annum (tC/Ha/an)), could sustainably sequester over 2 billion tones of carbon per annum (2GTC/an), some 25% of current global emissions, and return some $ 200 billion pa in carbon credits to Australia at current carbon values.

50. However this annual economic return is likely to be far exceeded by the additional economic benefits from avoiding the otherwise serious further desiccation of southern Australia and its agricultural industries due to the current climate changes.


b. The enhancement of stable soil carbon levels in profitable carbon farming systems
51. As the most urgent and severe impact of climate change is likely to be its threat to Australia’s rainfall and water security, Australia’s priority in mitigating climate change must be to restore and secure its rainfall and water supplies, not just lower CO2 emissions per se.
52. However carbon can directly and naturally contribute to the restoration of these natural hydrological processes in that stable soil organic matter substantially governs the infiltration, retention, the water holding capacities and the availability of water in most Australian soils. Furthermore as cellulose and lignin, bio-sequestered carbon also provides the building blocks for the growth, and hence transpiration and rain nuclei production by trees and forests.
53. As such the restoration of soil organic matter and structures will be critical in restoring global forests and through that; transpiration, cloud nucleation, albedos and rainfalls which cool regional and global climates. The restoration of stable soil organic matter will also be critical in improving the structure and water availability from soils to enable forests to grow better and longer even on poor primary soils.
54. Indeed the expansion of vegetation and forests over the past 400 m years was substantially governed by the rate at which carbon could be bio-sequestered from the very high levels then in the air into stable soil carbon to progressively enhance soil structures, water retention, root proliferation, drought resilience to synergistically assist forest productivities and expansion
55. It follows that restoring the organic matter status, or stable carbon levels, of our soils now provides the most effective practical means to enhance not just the establishment and growth of forests and their critical cloud cooling and rainfall processes but also the availability of water from that rainfall to further support growth of that forest and its cooling effects.
56 Furthermore ratification of the Kyoto protocol also now enables Australian land managers to be paid, up to $100/t, for carbon that they can bio-sequestered from the atmosphere via plants and store as long lived stable soil humates and glomalins in such managed soils.
57. Consequently ‘carbon farming’ now provides Australia with a new market opportunity to bio-sequester stable carbon in soils so as to secure carbon credits while enhancing water infiltration, retention and availabilities and the bio-productivity, resilience and value of land.
Potentially soil carbon credits from the 100m ha of managed land in Australia may yield some $100 b pa in additional income. This would be additional to the $200b pa potential income from carbon credit from the above ground bio-sequestration of carbon in the forests that could be restored in inland Australia to restore rainfalls and climates.
54. Carbon farming systems can be tailored for different agro-ecosystems to optimize the bio-sequestration of, and value capture from, stable soil carbon while also optimizing the restoration, productivity, viability and sustainability of Australia’s land systems.
In addition to mitigating climate change, soil carbon farming could substantially address the;
a. Soil degradation over the past 200 years which has reduced the level of stable carbon in over 300 m Ha of Australia’s top soils from often over 5% to below 0.5%.
b. Loss of some 150-300 tonnes of carbon /Ha or 0.5-1.0 GTC which contributed to the increase of 150 GTC of CO2 in the global atmosphere over this period.
c. The degradation of Australia’s soil structure, its water infiltration, water holding capacities and the productivity and sustainability of many dependent agro-ecosystems.
55. As water stresses intensify with climate change and extremes, it is critical that farmers restore the natural resilience of their soils and agro-ecosystems to such stress. To achieve this it is critical that farmers urgently restore their former stable soil carbon levels and through that their soil structures and buffering capacity.
56. Innovative practical methods are available to safely and profitably do this through combinations of cell grazing, pasture cropping and mosaic land management practices.
Successfully implemented these carbon farming practices have the potential to bio-sequester some 10T carbon per Ha per annum into stable soil humates and glomalins over some 100 m Ha throughout Australia’s agriculture and agro-forestry sectors.
57. At current carbon prices this bio-sequestration of 1GTC/an into stable soil sinks represent an potential additional direct farm income of some $100 b pa in addition to far more valuable on farm and national eco-system services benefits from the improved soil productivities, water dynamics, resilience and climate protection.
58. Viable methods are available to enhance, measure and verify the stable carbon sequestered so as to secure value from this carbon farming opportunity. Once demonstrated and extended throughout the farming sector soil carbon farming has the potential to provide Australia with a major opportunity to restore its soil natural capital, reinforce the resilience of future agro-ecosystems to climate extremes and substantially mitigate climate change.

59. Leading Australian carbon farming interests are refining capabilities to aid in the commercial extension and uptake of such restoration ecologies, land management practices and new farming opportunities and business systems throughout Australia. These capabilities and further detailed briefings on them may be highly relevant to this Review to optimize agricultural response options to both the challenges and opportunities from climate change.

60. However at the end of the day such strategies can only be implemented by land managers. Not by governments, agencies or coercive regulation. Government policy can play vital roles in fostering the growth and viability of Australia’s new carbon farming industry and innovation capacities to help address our climate, land degradation and rural restructuring challenges. However they need to do this with and not contrary to the interests of landholders.

61. In view of the significant potential relevance of soil carbon farming to Australia’s farming sector and in mitigating climate change, the design of any future national carbon trading system should involve close consultation with this new Australian industry to optimize both commercial and strategic national objectives from this carbon farming opportunity.


c The creation of autonomous regional bio-fuels capabilities and carbon savings.

62. Australia’s rural economy is currently highly dependent on imported fossil fuel. It has high transport requirements for both imports and exports and fuel represents up to 70% of the on farm inputs such as for cultivation, fertilizers, pesticides and harvesting. Much of the on and off farm infrastructure that supports farming also has high embodied and operational fossil fuel inputs. As a result Australia’s agricultural sector has a high carbon footprint representing some 28% of Australia’s total carbon emissions.

63. As the availability and affordability of oil declines over the next decades, fuel prices will severely impair Australia’s current agricultural sector. Carbon accounting and emission trading to try to limit carbon emissions will further impact current agricultural systems.

64. While commodity prices may increase, they are unlikely to offset the increased fuel costs. Many current indebted farmers may have to cease operations with major economic and social multiplier cost and erosion of export incomes.

65. Consequently rural industries need to urgently re-design operations so as to:
a. Lower their demand for fossil fuel for all direct and embodied inputs.
b. Minimise emission liabilities under proposed carbon trading systems.
c. Develop alternative autonomous fuel supplies from local sources.
d. Maximize local value creation and capture from such new local bio-fuel options.
e. Avoid the likely collapse of regional economies if still dependent on fossil fuels.

66. Fortunately effective options exist for rural communities to enhance their fuel autonomy and achieve the above objectives. These are complementary with and flow from the above proposals to restore forests, regional rainfalls and soil organic matter levels and productivities.

67. Effectively the restoration of natural forests over 200m Ha of inland Australia has the potential to produce biomass at 10 t/Ha/an bio-sequestering some 2 GTC/an. However the wood and carbon sequestered in such forests is vulnerable to fire and termites and not a stable valuable long term carbon store. Ideally it needs to be routinely converted into stable and much higher value carbon sinks through regional operations and technologies.

68. Highly effective technologies exist for new regional industries to do this commercially.

a. Over 60% of the wood biomass may be able to be sustainably harvested and converted into high value long lived timber products such as structural framing for more affordable houses.

b. The remaining wood and woody thrash can now also be converted via regional controlled anaerobic pyrolysis technologies into;
-Hydrogen and methane gas which can be scrubbed and compressed into a liquid natural gas for use as a regional transport and farm fuel.
-Residual activated carbon or bio-char which is an ideal water filter to remove effluent nutrients to enable re-use of the water plus produce a valuable nutrient enriched stable carbon bio-fertilizer to substitute the more expensive oil based fertilizer inputs.

69. Such BECS (Bio-energy with carbon sequestration) plants could be established commercially as part of this forest expansion enabling rural communities to substantially;
a. Become autonomous in their sustainable viable production of low emissions transport fuel.
b. Minimize carbon emissions and liabilities from the current widespread burning of biomass.
c. Provide options for the autonomous production of regional electricity needs from the heat generated as part of the BECS process.
d. Minimize the high current carbon footprint and liability in many regional industries.
e. Replace current fossil fuel based fertilizers with local stable carbon bio-fertilizers.
f. Improve the structure and water infiltration, retention and availability in local soils.
g. Improve the quality, availability and re-usability of limited strategic water supplies.
h. Stimulate the development of new regional eco-businesses with major multiplier benefits.

70. While the benefits from BECS technologies and operations have been confirmed, they are most viable when they form an integrated part of a wider biomass based industrial ecology. Potentially they provide unique innovative solutions to climate change being the only option through which regions can trap, harvest and convert solar energy into low emissions transport or electrical bio-energy while also profitably bio-sequestering most of the biomass carbon.

71. Such integrated biomass and BECS strategies now provide rural communities with the opportunity to fundamentally transform many of their high risk, low value, fossil fuel dependent commodity operations into the autonomous, sustainable and profitable farming and conversion of solar energy into valuable products, subsidized by international carbon credits.

Through such strategies regions now have the potential to; mitigate climate impacts, restore natural productivities and capital and re-juvenate regional economies while re-positioning themselves to better compete in the global market opportunities and industrial ecology of the 21st century.

72. Australia has unique potential strategic and competitive advantages to capture such markets and premiums on account of its:
a. Extensive degraded but available land area with suitable climate conditions once enhanced.
b. Unique forest and microbial bio-systems and resources that are able to sustain high biomass productivities even under minimal input and site conditions.
c. Advanced scientific understanding and practical skills in managing such bio-systems.
d. Access to leading technologies for enhancing, verifying and maximizing value capture from such bio-mass, carbon farming and bio-conversion operations.
e. Political and legal stability to enable secure long term investment in such carbon farming.

73. Consequently both the opportunity and foundations are in place for Australia to foster such a new biomass and carbon farming industry and in doing so help to address:
a. Australia’s pending climate change crisis, risks and their socio-economic impacts.
b. Australia’s critical water supply and security crisis.
c. Pending fundamental social change from the declining availability and affordability of oil.
d. Australia’s serious degradation of its critical bio-systems, natural capital and sustainability.
e. Australia’s social and economic welfare in re-positioning capabilities to better serve the global opportunities and industrial ecology of the 21st century.

74. While Australia’s strategic response to these issues and opportunities may be beyond the scope of the Garnaut Review, these proposals may fundamentally influence;
a. Australia’s options to respond and address climate change.
b. The impact and cost of climate change on Australia’s agricultural sector and communities.
c. The design and effectiveness of any Australian carbon trading system.

75. As the recommendations from the Garnaut Review may significantly enhance or retard the further development of Australia’s carbon farming and biomass value capture industry it is requested that the merit of the above issues and options are considered by the review.


E. Potential benefits from timely responses to Australia’s climate change challenge.

76. As climate change and dangerous feedback effects are already and will increasingly impact throughout Australia, there are clearly major benefits if we can avoid these social, economic and environmental impacts by mitigating climate change, hopefully in time.

77. While impossible to evaluate financially, there are also fundamental benefits from preventing the further degradation of Australia’s bio-systems, natural capital and resilience. The natural safe restoration ecologies being proposed to offset and mitigate climate change should contribute significantly in preventing and restoring such further degradation.

78. Based on the likely costs from just the current drying of southern Australia, climate change already risks costing Australia up to $50 b pa in lost agricultural production, exports, business viability and social and regional multiplier impacts.

However until the risk and potential cost from some 20 other possible dangerous feedback processes that may be triggered by climate change are assessed it is not possible to estimate the full direct or indirect cost of climate change on Australia.

The benefit of the proposed urgent cooling of regional and the global climate to prevent the triggering of such risks and impacts can however be assessed based on the cost of the, potentially existential, risks that are thus avoided.

79. The proposed cooling and bio-sequestration responses by Australia’s agricultural sector to avoid and mitigate climate change may however also deliver direct financial benefits.

The proposed strategies, if implemented fully by Australian land managers, could potentially capture up to $300 b pa from international carbon credits at current prices.

Even if implemented at only 10% of its potential these credits are equivalent to Australia’s current agricultural GDP but would involve a much higher income due to lower input costs.

How much of this potential can and will be realized depends substantially on policy settings that may either enhance or retard the development of Australia’s carbon farming industry.

80. Additional direct financial benefits can be captured if new regional biomass industries can be developed to utilize and maximize local value capture from the resource and input savings.

While difficult to estimate these benefits may involve $10 b pa in income and multipliers from the regional production of new high value timber products plus $10 b pa from savings in current direct and embodied input costs.

81. In addition to such regional benefits, Australia’s leadership in and development of such technologies and strategies may have major international significance and potential value. Climate change is impacting globally with similar urgent crises threatening the rainfall, water resources, food security, soil capital, productivity, resilience and sustainability of much of the world’s agro-ecosystems and regions and much of their dependent economies and societies.

Australia’s service industry potential in helping to avoid such global collapses is substantial.

Conversely if Australia continues to fail to develop such capabilities, so to will be our costs.
82. While the above outline some of the potential economic benefits realizable through the above strategy, whether we realize them depends substantially on whether the new industry can overcome major structural impediments, competitive interests and status quo inertia.

Government policies, including the creation of open information, analyses and debate, and free markets are critical so as not to impede the growth of such innovative solutions.

83. Government policies will also be critical in determining investment in this new industry.

While the costs of implementing the on farm changes are modest, the scale of the challenge and proposal will require major shifts in investment from the current speculation in virtual financial products to long term secure investments to restore tangible natural capital.

Although Australia’s productive land based industries are likely to become even more attractive to international capital due to our natural comparative advantages, stability and high potential returns, much depends if the carbon credits generated by land managers can be captured by them and traded freely on global markets.

This is affected by the design of Australia’s future carbon trading system.

84. Such investment and the development of an Australian carbon farming industry may be of major benefit to the Australian economy in the context of the pending global financial crisis.

While Australia can expect substantially increased foreign investment due to its resource base, stability and comparative high interest rate, this capital creates dangerous inflationary pressures unless it can be attracted into long term non inflationary capital and capacity building projects such as the proposed growth of Australian bio-carbon industries and regions.

Policies which support the restoration these bio-systems may enable governments to realize major benefits from enhanced regional employment, revitalization and incomes at minimal public cost while also avoiding the otherwise inevitable serious climatic impacts.

85. Most of all the above analyses and proposals may benefit Australia significantly by helping our understanding of and planned responses to climate change move beyond the current inertia and in providing economic, safe options to cool regions and the planet, hopefully in time.

After decades of delays and denials, this Review now provides Australia with its last chance to avoid triggering further dangerous climate change and its consequences. It must get it right. We can not risk dead ending the Government’s response by basing it on invalid assumptions.

To that end the Review must be based on a full scientific understanding of all the processes involved so it can respond effectively cognizant of all the resultant social and economic costs. To achieve this we need open critical analysis and debate. It is hoped that the above outline is of benefit to this understanding and response to climate change, hopefully in time.

F. Recommended next steps

86. Based on the above analyses Australia needs to face the reality that:
a. Climate change and its dangerous feedback effects are real, already occurring and more serious and urgent than understood by the wider Australian public.
b. Climate change is and will significantly impact on the viability of Australia’s agricultural sector and regions, particularly through the systemic drying of southern Australia.
c. These impacts are and will cost and change current economies and societies and require us to urgently and fundamentally re-design more sustainable, viable farming systems.
d. Further dangerous climate change effects will be triggered within decades and can no longer be prevented by any level of future CO2 emission reductions or emissions trading.
e. Effectively we have left it 20 years too late to now prevent further dangerous climate change through future CO2 emission reductions.
f. However we do have a last chance, to cool regional and the global climate and avoid triggering dangerous climate feedback effects.
g. While fully substantiated by science and while we can do this safely, naturally and even profitably it requires us to see beyond current assumptions on the cause of climate change.
h. If we can do so, we should be able to cool the climate by restoring the earth’s natural water and heat dynamics which govern the earth’s heat balance and climates.
i. While we can readily do this it will require a fundamental shift in land management practices to restore the natural transpiration, cloud nucleation, albedos, rainfalls and soil conditions underpinning such cooling effects, hopefully in time.
j. Fortunately this can be done profitably by fostering and enabling Australia’s carbon farming industry to capture the carbon credits to extend the industry and its significant benefits.
k. However to realize this potential the industry must not be impeded by government policies.
l. Consequently further discussions are needed to ensure that policies and industry strategies complement each other in maximizing the effectiveness and strategic benefits from the only option for preventing dangerous climatic and economic meltdowns within decades.

87. If we do it is requested that the Garnaut review and the Government:
a. Critically review the scientific evidence substantiating this analysis and understanding of the cause and our last chance mitigation option to avoid dangerous climate change.
b. Critically review the likely economic impacts, costs and consequences of climate change arising from this analysis and understanding.
c. Critically review the scientific evidence underpinning the feasibility of the proposed strategy to cool regions and the global climate to avoid dangerous climate change.
d. Critically review the potential of Australia’s new carbon farming industry, if allowed to develop, to contribute to implementing the needed actions to mitigate climate change.
e. Liaise with relevant scientific and industry specialists to ensure that policies and strategies in this area complement each other and are effective in addressing this critical challenge.

88. As requested detailed scientific and economic substantiation can be provided in relation to the above analyses, options and proposals within our resource constraints. We welcome and would contribute constructively to resolve solutions and urgent action to meet this challenge.

Thanking you for your consideration of these important issues.

Planning for an unsustainable future?

Rod Zemanek casts a critical eye over the solutions being touted for Climate Change: He reveals his own surprising solution!

..............................................

I read daily the ongoing carbon debate and the fainthearted efforts to arrest the problem of CO2 buildup in the world’s - OUR – atmosphere. Strange solutions are bandied about.

“Clean Coal” is not sustainable it means means use more energy and resources to separate CO2 from the hot exhaust gases and collect it as a compressed liquid state to be pumped/injected into ground aquifers where it can wait for some catastrophic event to again to release it into the atmosphere and become a menace once again. A solution which can only be done by Big Corporations funded by Big Government with money from small people who can’t resist the higher energy charges and taxes. NOT A GOOD SOLUTION! Talk about a BIG boys club.

“Bio-fuels” are not sustainable as they take arable land and transfer food production resources to energy production in a world which is becoming overpopulated and is already short of food resources to generate energy and fuel to cater for a small minority of high energy users in the population under the false pretence that this could be sustainable.

“Nuclear Power” generation is not sustainable it requires expenditure of vast sums of money and scarce resources to build multiple nuclear power stations around the coastline to generate energy of which more than 30% will be wasted and transferred into seawater as the principle cooling medium adding an extra burden to the ocean warming effects already seen. These stations will eventually become obsolete and cost more to disassemble that they cost to build

“Reduced Energy Consumption” is not realistic in a world whose population is expanding rapidly and whose peoples, through global communications only dreamed of a few decades ago and the incredible marketing expertise of a few global corporations, demand better “standards of living” and all that entails – you have to be dreaming

“Utilize the Carbon Resource” is the only sustainable and commercially viable solution. A process which is immediately available using green plants and solar energy to collect carbon from the atmosphere

Carbon is the source of out planet's life, there is virtually no living organism which is devoid of carbon in some form and as such it is the key to life on our planet along with energy from the sun plus water, nitrogen and a few key trace minerals.

Carbon over time has moved around the world in different balances in the atmosphere, sea and in solid form as carbonate minerals and so called fossil fuels.

The effects of current high levels in the atmosphere are disturbing to our preferred life due to climate changes so we need to manage the balance. This must be done sooner rather than later as the tipping point for major climate change is near or has been reached. The solutions canvassed above cannot hope to make an effect in less than 50 years.

The consumer orientated, market driven world will continue to increase in population, increase its energy consumption from fossil fuels and continue to emit increasing quantities of CO2 into the atmosphere until it reaches a terminal state for humans - no government or treaty or law will change that situation until fossil fuel begins to become so expensive due to shortage of supply that no one can afford to use it.

That point could be too late for us humans

The international arguments relating to who will do what will be interminable and only direct action and leadership by Australia can show the way and break the cycle

Carbon in the atmosphere can be taken up by plants NOW it is happening in massive amounts today it requires sunshine, water and land

Carbon secured in this way can be used in part for food and part can be stored in the soil INDEFINITELY in the form of organic carbon PROVIDED THE WATER CONTENT OF THE SOIL IS MANAGED

In Australia we have an abundance of land, water and sunshine we have the soil and minerals and the ability to transport resources to the point where they are required.

We currently have a problem with managing our water and we are high CO2 emitters per head of population

We are in a prime position to set up to contribute capitalize on the problem of atmospheric CO2

The solution is as follows:
1. Government sets up and funds a Water and Carbon Authority (WACA)with power to regulate and monitor ALL water and carbon in our land
2. WACA resumes all water rights across Australia and issues temporary credits to current holders who can continue to use water for a transition period
3. WACA develops and sets out a protocol for water, energy and carbon management which
a. issues water licenses and water rights to agribusinesses, industry and households
b. allocates energy on a current best practice scale to agribusiness, industry and households monitored by purchases of power and fuel
c. Provides carbon credits for energy consumers who reduce energy by reductions their best practice consumption settings
d. require water consumers to capture carbon at a rate of 1% per year over a 10 year period and subsequently maintain an ongoing organic soil carbon level of say 10% or buy carbon credits as an equivalent
4. WACA will arrange for a carbon monitoring program to setup and be provided to each participant on a base cost basis.
5. WACA then calls for tenders from all sources requiring water allocation licenses and existing users can use their credits to bid for water under the WACA protocol new users can bid by using cash or by buying existing credits from existing water licensees
6. Water would be re-allocated according to a new license system which balances available water and strategic national needs including environmental flows
7. The new protocol would ensure that water was used to capture carbon and earn users additional income for the licensee from carbon credits as well as agribusiness.
8. Water licenses should become free or actually earn an income for high carbon capture agribusinesses
9. The new protocol would ensure water was used for the most key strategic needs and most cost effective purposes.

10. WATER consumers and domestic users without access to land such as industrial users or people in flats etc would need to make arrangements to capture the required carbon by other means such as buying shares in or establishing agribusinesses or developing land where water rainfall is sufficient to establish a carbon capture operation without the need to use WACA water. This would subject to environmental constraints and encourage additional carbon capture in non irrigated lands and development of new regions.

11. ALL registered users would receive carbon and energy audit services as base cost from WACA and these charges would be offset against their carbon credits by WACA so they should be in surplus.

12. ALL water used in Australia from ALL dams, groundwater and rivers would be regulated by license under this protocol including domestic water, industrial water and agricultural water

13. WACA will manage and sell all Australian carbon credits to the highest bidder from worldwide sources and use this income as funding for its ongoing operation and to repay the original Government setup costs AND DIVIDENDS FOR CARBON CAPTURE

14. WACA will issue the surplus proceeds to its stakeholders the water users and balance their accounts according to water used and carbon captured from the atmosphere or through reduced energy consumption.

15. WACA can continue to sell credits to all Australian energy producers and other carbon emitters for a modest sum and thereby allow them to continue in business producing low cost power for as long as they can get reliable commercial supplies of fossil fuel

16. WACA will reinvest part of its income into renewable energy operations to supplement the fossil fuel energy supply as it dwindles or plants require to be replaced due to obsolescence.

17. WACA will invest in water resource management by developing new water catchments and pipelines and the management of exiting water systems such as those to provide potable water and those which collect water and carbon from existing sources such as sewerage, industrial waste and putrecible garbage.

18. Carbon collected from sewerage and putrecible waste - garbage - in this way could be shipped by rail as back loads in grain trains to fertilize cropping land for grains and oilseeds for example, especially if the grains were used for bi-fuels

19. WACA will invest in water and the development of new sustainable water schemes to collect new water from say, northern regions and store or relocate to develop new agribusiness and industrial businesses. WACA would undertake such schemes as Ord River dam for agribusiness development and water for sites such as Olympic Dam and geothermal energy production for example.

This scheme will make an immediate impact on reducing atmospheric carbon and become a major income earner for Australia based on its natural and sustainable resources of sunshine water and land area.

Australia can continue to export fossil fuels at market rates in the sure knowledge that it is recovering all the resulting carbon emitted and charging for the service through the carbon credits

Australian land will be better managed and gradually become carbon rich and hence fertility will increase allowing a greater agricultural output through managed use of water and carbon capture

As the worlds population grows toward its sustainable limits more carbon will be needed in the surface soil to grow the food and provide the organisms we will need for ongoing sustainability so we will need the current transfer of carbon from fossil fuels to organic carbon in our soils and organisms for our sustainability as terminal population levels

Australia will be better able to play a role in feeding the growing world population and will be able to export technology to other parts of the globe where sunshine land and water can be managed for increased carbon capture and agricultural benefits.

Billions of dollars in capital set to be wasted in unsustainable works such as clean coal, nuclear power and desalination can be saved and can be invested in the sustainable carbon economy for profit and the benefit of mankind.

Rod Zemanek

Coal Dust as Soil Tonic

Coal Dust as Soil Tonic

Carolyn Ditchfield (at http://www.fromthesoilup.com.au) sent this response to our enquiry about the use of coal dust in soils:

''''

Generally you get the results from only brown coals - LaTrobe Valley coal is
perfect and used quite a lot by a host of biological companies. That is
where humic and fulvic acids can be extracted from as well.

Ideally you want to mix the coal in with other goodies to get a really
synergistic bang and again, many biological companies are doing that.

Nutri-Tech have LifeForce
http://www.nutri-tech.com.au/products/dryminerals/life-force-basic-blend.htm

Lawrie & Co have the BioLogic Blend, but also sell the raw coal too
http://www.lawrieco.com.au/page.php?id=115

The one that I am particularly partial to is CaP Release made in Moree using
cow manure mixed with coal, rock phosphate, basalt, lime and microbes
http://www.fromthesoilup.com.au/products/broadcast-fertilisers

Roughly speaking when you read about the effects of humates you are reading
about brown coal.

Some people would have you believe that black coal cannot be used - and
generally speaking it does not release its load readily, but Nutri-Tech
discovered many years ago that with a secret blend of 'herbs and spices' and
good composting, they could and turned it into one of their mainstay
products - Nutri-Store 180 and Nutri-Store Gold
http://www.nutri-tech.com.au/products_new/dry-mineral-fertilisers/dry-minera
l-fert.html

To use coal in this way is fantastic - it puts organic matter back into the
soil, but sparks it into life, which then creates more carbon
production/sequestration. Farmers are already paying a reasonable price for
it per tonne compared to the commodity price, yet it quite cheap, and
certainly makes even conventional fertilisers more effective.

Water expert makes carbon plea

Coalition member, farmer and engineer Rod Zemanec makes a case for a strong link between soil carbon credits and water. (Rod Zemanek, the Managing Director of Sydney and China–based Predict International, is an international specialists in the field of hygienic handling of liquids to ensure they are fit for human consumption. In recent times he has made his name designing and constructing breweries in both Australia and China.)

THE CARBON ECONOMY

I read daily the ongoing carbon debate and the fainthearted efforts to arrest the problem of CO2 buildup in the world’s - OUR – atmosphere.
Strange solutions are bandied about.
“Clean Coal” is not sustainable it means means use more energy and resources to separate CO2 from the hot exhaust gasses and collect it as a compressed liquid state to be pumped/injected into ground aquifers where it can wait for some catastrophic event to again to release it into the atmosphere and become a menace once again. A solution which can only be done by Big Corporations funded by Big Government with money from small people who can’t resist the higher energy charges and taxes. NOT A GOOD SOLUTION! Talk about a BIG boys club.
“Bio-fuels” are not sustainable as they take arable land and transfer food production resources to energy production in a world which is becoming overpopulated and is already short of food resources to generate energy and fuel to cater for a small minority of high energy users in the population under the false pretence that this could be sustainable.
“Nuclear Power” generation is not sustainable it requires expenditure of vast sums of money and scarce resources to build multiple nuclear power stations around the coastline to generate energy of which more than 30% will be wasted and transferred into seawater as the principle cooling medium adding an extra burden to the ocean warming effects already seen. These stations will eventually become obsolete and cost more to disassemble that they cost to build
“Reduced Energy Consumption” is not realistic in a world whose population is expanding rapidly and whose peoples, through global communications only dreamed of a few decades ago and the incredible marketing expertise of a few global corporations, demand better “standards of living” and all that entails – you have to be dreaming

“Utilize the Carbon Resource” is the only sustainable and commercially viable solution. A process which is immediately available using green plants and solar energy to collect carbon from the atmosphere

Carbon is the source of out planets life, there is virtually no living organism which is devoid of carbon in some form and as such it is the key to life on our planet along with energy from the sun plus water, nitrogen and a few key trace minerals.

Carbon over time has moved around the world in different balances in the atmosphere, sea and in solid form as carbonate minerals and so called fossil fuels.

The effects of current high levels in the atmosphere are disturbing to our preferred life due to climate changes so we need to manage the balance
This must be done sooner rather than later as the tipping point for major climate change is near of has been reached the solutions canvassed above cannot hope to make an effect in less than 50 years.

The consumer orientated, market driven world will continue to increase in population, increase its energy consumption from fossil fuels and continue to emit increasing quantities of CO2 into the atmosphere until it reaches a terminal state for humans - no government or treaty or law will change that situation until fossil fuel begins to become so expensive due to shortage of supply that no one can afford to use it.

That point could be too late for us humans

The international arguments relating to who will do what will be interminable and only direct action and leadership by Australia can show the way and break the cycle

Carbon in the atmosphere can be taken up by plants NOW it is happening in massive amounts today it requires sunshine, water and land

Carbon secured in this way can be used in part for food and part can be stored in the soil INDEFINITELY in the form of organic carbon PROVIDED THE WATER CONTENT OF THE SOIL IS MANAGED

In Australia we have an abundance of land, water and sunshine we have the soil and minerals and the ability to transport resources to the point where they are required.

We currently have a problem with managing our water and we are high CO2 emitters per head of population

We are in a prime position to set up to contribute capitalize on the problem of atmospheric CO2

The solution is as follows
1. Government sets up and funds a Water and Carbon Authority (WACA)with power to regulate and monitor ALL water and carbon in our land
2. WACA resumes all water rights across Australia and issues temporary credits to current holders who can continue to use water for a transition period
3. WACA develops and sets out a protocol for water, energy and carbon management which
a. issues water licenses and water rights to agribusinesses, industry and households
b. allocates energy on a current best practice scale to agribusiness, industry and households monitored by purchases of power and fuel
c. Provides carbon credits for energy consumers who reduce energy by reductions their best practice consumption settings
d. require water consumers to capture carbon at a rate of 1% per year over a 10 year period and subsequently maintain an ongoing organic soil carbon level of say 10% or buy carbon credits as an equivalent
4. WACA will arrange for a carbon monitoring program to setup and be provided to each participant on a base cost basis.
5. WACA then calls for tenders from all sources requiring water allocation licenses and existing users can use their credits to bid for water under the WACA protocol new users can bid by using cash or by buying existing credits from existing water licensees
6. Water would be re-allocated according to a new license system which balances available water and strategic national needs including environmental flows
7. The new protocol would ensure that water was used to capture carbon and earn users additional income for the licensee from carbon credits as well as agribusiness.
8. Water licenses should become free or actually earn an income for high carbon capture agribusinesses
9. The new protocol would ensure water was used for the most key strategic needs and most cost effective purposes.

10. WATER consumers and domestic users without access to land such as industrial users or people in flats etc would need to make arrangements to capture the required carbon by other means such as buying shares in or establishing agribusinesses or developing land where water rainfall is sufficient to establish a carbon capture operation without the need to use WACA water. This would subject to environmental constraints and encourage additional carbon capture in non irrigated lands and development of new regions.

11. ALL registered users would receive carbon and energy audit services as base cost from WACA and these charges would be offset against their carbon credits by WACA so they should be in surplus.

12. ALL water used in Australia from ALL dams, groundwater and rivers would be regulated by license under this protocol including domestic water, industrial water and agricultural water

13. WACA will manage and sell all Australian carbon credits to the highest bidder from worldwide sources and use this income as funding for its ongoing operation and to repay the original Government setup costs AND DIVIDENDS FOR CARBON CAPTURE

14. WACA will issue the surplus proceeds to its stakeholders the water users and balance their accounts according to water used and carbon captured from the atmosphere or through reduced energy consumption.

15. WACA can continue to sell credits to all Australian energy producers and other carbon emitters for a modest sum and thereby allow them to continue in business producing low cost power for as long as they can get reliable commercial supplies of fossil fuel

16. WACA will reinvest part of its income into renewable energy operations to supplement the fossil fuel energy supply as it dwindles or plants require to be replaced due to obsolescence.

17. WACA will invest in water resource management by developing new water catchments and pipelines and the management of exiting water systems such as those to provide potable water and those which collect water and carbon from existing sources such as sewerage, industrial waste and putrecible garbage.

18. Carbon collected from sewerage and putrecible waste - garbage - in this way could be shipped by rail as back loads in grain trains to fertilize cropping land for grains and oilseeds for example, especially if the grains were used for bi-fuels

19. WACA will invest in water and the development of new sustainable water schemes to collect new water from say, northern regions and store or relocate to develop new agribusiness and industrial businesses. WACA would undertake such schemes as Ord River dam for agribusiness development and water for sites such as Olympic Dam and geothermal energy production for example.

This scheme will make an immediate impact on reducing atmospheric carbon and become a major income earner for Australia based on its natural and sustainable resources of sunshine water and land area.

Australia can continue to export fossil fuels at market rates in the sure knowledge that it is recovering all the resulting carbon emitted and charging for the service through the carbon credits

Australian land will be better managed and gradually become carbon rich and hence fertility will increase allowing a greater agricultural output through managed use of water and carbon capture

As the worlds population grows toward its sustainable limits more carbon will be needed in the surface soil to grow the food and provide the organisms we will need for ongoing sustainability so we will need the current transfer of carbon from fossil fuels to organic carbon in our soils and organisms for our sustainability as terminal population levels

Australia will be better able to play a role in feeding the growing world population and will be able to export technology to other parts of the globe where sunshine land and water can be managed for increased carbon capture and agricultural benefits.

Billions of dollars in capital set to be wasted in unsustainable works such as clean coal, nuclear power and desalination can be saved and can be invested in the sustainable carbon economy for profit and the benefit of mankind.

Rod Zemanek